The Court says even racist policy that is state action is okay

QUESTION1
1.The Court says even racist policy that is state action is okay, as long as the state
action does not treat one race worse than another.(choose)
a.Hall v. Decuir (1878)
b.Civil Rights Cases of 1883
c.Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
d.Giles v. Harris (1903)
e.Nixon v. Herndon (1927)
f.Nixon v. Condon (1932)
g.Grovey v. Townsend (1935)
h.Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada (1938)
i.Smith v. Allwright (1944)
j.Shelley v. Kraemer (1948)
k.Sweatt v. Painter (1950)
l.McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950)
m.Brown v. Board (1954)
n.Bailey v. Patterson (1962)
o.Heart of Atlanta Motel (1964)
p.Katzenbach v. McClung (1964)

QUESTION 2
This case was far-reaching in its logic because it said that even a tiny violation of equal
protection by a state is unconstitutional.(CHOOSE)
Hall v. Decuir (1878)
Civil Rights Cases of 1883
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Giles v. Harris (1903)
Nixon v. Herndon (1927)
Nixon v. Condon (1932)
Grovey v. Townsend (1935)
Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada (1938)
Smith v. Allwright (1944)

Shelley v. Kraemer (1948)
Sweatt v. Painter (1950)
McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950)
Brown v. Board (1954)
Bailey v. Patterson (1962)
Heart of Atlanta Motel (1964)
Katzenbach v. McClung (1964)

QUESTION 3

The Court refuses to put black voters back on the voting registration rolls.(choose)
Hall v. Decuir (1878)
Civil Rights Cases of 1883
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Giles v. Harris (1903)
Nixon v. Herndon (1927)
Nixon v. Condon (1932)
Grovey v. Townsend (1935)
Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada (1938)
Smith v. Allwright (1944)
Shelley v. Kraemer (1948)
Sweatt v. Painter (1950)
McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950)
Brown v. Board (1954)
Bailey v. Patterson (1962)
Heart of Atlanta Motel (1964)
Katzenbach v. McClung (1964)
QUESTION 4
The Court says a state law is unconstitutional because it is acting in interstate
commerce, which is a federal policy area.(choose)
Hall v. Decuir (1878)
Civil Rights Cases of 1883

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Giles v. Harris (1903)
Nixon v. Herndon (1927)
Nixon v. Condon (1932)
Grovey v. Townsend (1935)
Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada (1938)
Smith v. Allwright (1944)
Shelley v. Kraemer (1948)
Sweatt v. Painter (1950)
McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950)
Brown v. Board (1954)
Bailey v. Patterson (1962)
Heart of Atlanta Motel (1964)
Katzenbach v. McClung (1964)
QUESTION 5
The Court strikes down the Separate but Equal doctrine in public education.(choose)
Hall v. Decuir (1878)
Civil Rights Cases of 1883
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Giles v. Harris (1903)
Nixon v. Herndon (1927)
Nixon v. Condon (1932)
Grovey v. Townsend (1935)
Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada (1938)
Smith v. Allwright (1944)
Shelley v. Kraemer (1948)
Sweatt v. Painter (1950)
McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950)
Brown v. Board (1954)
Bailey v. Patterson (1962)
Heart of Atlanta Motel (1964)

Katzenbach v. McClung (1964)
QUESTION 6
The Court says that primary elections are part of general elections, and therefore
any racial discrimination by a party in its primary elections is state action in violation of
the 15th Amendment, by definition.(choose)
Hall v. Decuir (1878)
civil Rights Cases of 1883
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Giles v. Harris (1903)
Nixon v. Herndon (1927)
Nixon v. Condon (1932)
Grovey v. Townsend (1935)
Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada (1938)
Smith v. Allwright (1944)
Shelley v. Kraemer (1948)
Sweatt v. Painter (1950)
McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950)
Brown v. Board (1954)
Bailey v. Patterson (1962)
Heart of Atlanta Motel (1964)
Katzenbach v. McClung (1964)
QUESTION 7
Even though a vote in a party’s primary elections is not a vote for state or federal
office, the Court says that a state law that gives a party’s executive committee the right
to decide on voting restrictions for its own party primary elections is state action in
violation of the 15th Amendment.(choose)
Hall v. Decuir (1878)
Civil Rights Cases of 1883
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Giles v. Harris (1903)
Nixon v. Herndon (1927)
Nixon v. Condon (1932)
Grovey v. Townsend (1935)

Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada (1938)
Smith v. Allwright (1944)
Shelley v. Kraemer (1948)
Sweatt v. Painter (1950)
McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950)
Brown v. Board (1954)
Bailey v. Patterson (1962)
Heart of Atlanta Motel (1964)
Katzenbach v. McClung (1964)
QUESTION 8
The Court says it does matter if blacks feel that their state government is following a
doctrine that says they are inferior, if that feeling harms their education.(choose)
Hall v. Decuir (1878)
Civil Rights Cases of 1883
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Giles v. Harris (1903)
Nixon v. Herndon (1927)
Nixon v. Condon (1932)
Grovey v. Townsend (1935)
Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada (1938)
Smith v. Allwright (1944)
Shelley v. Kraemer (1948)
Sweatt v. Painter (1950)
McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950)
Brown v. Board (1954)
Bailey v. Patterson (1962)
Heart of Atlanta Motel (1964)
Katzenbach v. McClung (1964)
QUESTION 9
At the time this case was decided, federal policy was the same as the state law in
question. Despite this, the Court struck down the state law in question because it disagreed with
what federal policy had been at the time of the incident that sparked the case.(choose)

Hall v. Decuir (1878)
Civil Rights Cases of 1883
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Giles v. Harris (1903)
Nixon v. Herndon (1927)
Nixon v. Condon (1932)
Grovey v. Townsend (1935)
Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada (1938)
Smith v. Allwright (1944)
Shelley v. Kraemer (1948)
Sweatt v. Painter (1950)
McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950)
Brown v. Board (1954)
Bailey v. Patterson (1962)
Heart of Atlanta Motel (1964)
Katzenbach v. McClung (1964)
QUESTION 10
The Court says a federal law is unconstitutional because that federal law forbids
certain racist actions even though they are not state action.(choose)
Hall v. Decuir (1878)
Civil Rights Cases of 1883
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Giles v. Harris (1903)
Nixon v. Herndon (1927)
Nixon v. Condon (1932)
Grovey v. Townsend (1935)
Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada (1938)
Smith v. Allwright (1944)
Shelley v. Kraemer (1948)
Sweatt v. Painter (1950)
McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950)
Brown v. Board (1954)

Bailey v. Patterson (1962)
Heart of Atlanta Motel (1964)
Katzenbach v. McClung (1964)
QUESTION11
This case was far-reaching in its logic because it said that even a tiny and indirect
connection to interstate commerce counted as being involved with interstate commerce, which
gave the federal government the right to regulate.
Hall v. Decuir (1878)
Civil Rights Cases of 1883
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Giles v. Harris (1903)
Nixon v. Herndon (1927)
Nixon v. Condon (1932)
Grovey v. Townsend (1935)
Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada (1938)
Smith v. Allwright (1944)
Shelley v. Kraemer (1948)
Sweatt v. Painter (1950)
McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950)
Brown v. Board (1954)
Bailey v. Patterson (1962)
Heart of Atlanta Motel (1964)
Katzenbach v. McClung (1964)
QUESTION 12
The Court doesn’t strike down the Separate but Equal doctrine, but it does say that if a
state’s segregation policy interferes with a student’s ability to study and learn by preventing him
from exchanging views with other students, that’s a violation of equal protection.
Hall v. Decuir (1878)
Civil Rights Cases of 1883
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Giles v. Harris (1903)
Nixon v. Herndon (1927)
Nixon v. Condon (1932)

Grovey v. Townsend (1935)
Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada (1938)
Smith v. Allwright (1944)
Shelley v. Kraemer (1948)
Sweatt v. Painter (1950)
McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950)
Brown v. Board (1954)
Bailey v. Patterson (1962)
Heart of Atlanta Motel (1964)
Katzenbach v. McClung (1964)
QUESTION 13
The Court rules that a state’s law against segregated transportation is interfering with
interstate commerce.
Hall v. Decuir (1878)
Civil Rights Cases of 1883
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Giles v. Harris (1903)
Nixon v. Herndon (1927)
Nixon v. Condon (1932)
Grovey v. Townsend (1935)
Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada (1938)
Smith v. Allwright (1944)
Shelley v. Kraemer (1948)
Sweatt v. Painter (1950)
McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950)
Brown v. Board (1954)
Bailey v. Patterson (1962)
Heart of Atlanta Motel (1964)
Katzenbach v. McClung (1964)
QUESTION 14
The Court says state laws that separate people by race don’t imply a doctrine of black
racial inferiority.

Hall v. Decuir (1878)
Civil Rights Cases of 1883
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Giles v. Harris (1903)
Nixon v. Herndon (1927)
Nixon v. Condon (1932)
Grovey v. Townsend (1935)
Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada (1938)
Smith v. Allwright (1944)
Shelley v. Kraemer (1948)
Sweatt v. Painter (1950)
McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950)
Brown v. Board (1954)
Bailey v. Patterson (1962)
Heart of Atlanta Motel (1964)
Katzenbach v. McClung (1964)
QUESTION 15
The Court doesn’t strike down the Separate but Equal doctrine, but it does say that if a
state makes people go to school out of state because of their race, that’s a violation of equal
protection.
Hall v. Decuir (1878)
Civil Rights Cases of 1883
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Giles v. Harris (1903)
Nixon v. Herndon (1927)
Nixon v. Condon (1932)
Grovey v. Townsend (1935)
Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada (1938)
Smith v. Allwright (1944)
Shelley v. Kraemer (1948)
Sweatt v. Painter (1950)
McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950)

Brown v. Board (1954)
Bailey v. Patterson (1962)
Heart of Atlanta Motel (1964)
Katzenbach v. McClung (1964)
QUESTION 16
The Court says that if you sell stuff that you bought from somebody else in your state,
but that person bought the stuff from somebody else outside of your state, you are involved with
interstate commerce.
Hall v. Decuir (1878)
Civil Rights Cases of 1883
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Giles v. Harris (1903)
Nixon v. Herndon (1927)
Nixon v. Condon (1932)
Grovey v. Townsend (1935)
Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada (1938)
Smith v. Allwright (1944)
Shelley v. Kraemer (1948)
Sweatt v. Painter (1950)
McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950)
Brown v. Board (1954)
Bailey v. Patterson (1962)
Heart of Atlanta Motel (1964)
Katzenbach v. McClung (1964)
QUESTION 17
The Court doesn’t strike down the Separate but Equal doctrine, but it does say that if a
state makes people go to an inferior school because of their race, even a school that’s inferior in
ways that cannot be measured objectively, that’s a violation of equal protection.
Hall v. Decuir (1878)
Civil Rights Cases of 1883
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Giles v. Harris (1903)
Nixon v. Herndon (1927)

Nixon v. Condon (1932)
Grovey v. Townsend (1935)
Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada (1938)
Smith v. Allwright (1944)
Shelley v. Kraemer (1948)
Sweatt v. Painter (1950)
McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950)
Brown v. Board (1954)
Bailey v. Patterson (1962)
Heart of Atlanta Motel (1964)
Katzenbach v. McClung (1964)
QUESTION 18
The Court says the 14th Amendment only gives the federal Congress the right to forbid
racist state action, not racist acts by people like business owners.
Hall v. Decuir (1878)
Civil Rights Cases of 1883
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Giles v. Harris (1903)
Nixon v. Herndon (1927)
Nixon v. Condon (1932)
Grovey v. Townsend (1935)
Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada (1938)
Smith v. Allwright (1944)
Shelley v. Kraemer (1948)
Sweatt v. Painter (1950)
McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950)
Brown v. Board (1954)
Bailey v. Patterson (1962)
Heart of Atlanta Motel (1964)
Katzenbach v. McClung (1964)
QUESTION 19

The Court says state laws that separate people by race do generally imply a doctrine of
black racial inferiority.
Hall v. Decuir (1878)
Civil Rights Cases of 1883
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Giles v. Harris (1903)
Nixon v. Herndon (1927)
Nixon v. Condon (1932)
Grovey v. Townsend (1935)
Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada (1938)
Smith v. Allwright (1944)
Shelley v. Kraemer (1948)
Sweatt v. Painter (1950)
McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950)
Brown v. Board (1954)
Bailey v. Patterson (1962)
Heart of Atlanta Motel (1964)
Katzenbach v. McClung (1964)
QUESTION 20
The Court says if people are crossing state lines and you won’t serve them in your
business, then you are affecting interstate commerce and so the federal Congress has the right
to regulate you.
Hall v. Decuir (1878)
Civil Rights Cases of 1883
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Giles v. Harris (1903)
Nixon v. Herndon (1927)
Nixon v. Condon (1932)
Grovey v. Townsend (1935)
Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada (1938)
Smith v. Allwright (1944)
Shelley v. Kraemer (1948)

Sweatt v. Painter (1950)
McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950)
Brown v. Board (1954)
Bailey v. Patterson (1962)
Heart of Atlanta Motel (1964)
Katzenbach v. McClung (1964)
QUESTION 21
There is a federal law against segregation in transportation, hotels, and theaters, but the
Court says that federal law violates the rights of business owners.
Hall v. Decuir (1878)
Civil Rights Cases of 1883
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Giles v. Harris (1903)
Nixon v. Herndon (1927)
Nixon v. Condon (1932)
Grovey v. Townsend (1935)
Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada (1938)
Smith v. Allwright (1944)
Shelley v. Kraemer (1948)
Sweatt v. Painter (1950)
McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950)
Brown v. Board (1954)
Bailey v. Patterson (1962)
Heart of Atlanta Motel (1964)
Katzenbach v. McClung (1964)
QUESTION 22
The Court says that it’s okay if a party’s own members vote to keep people out of their
party because of their race; that’s not state action in violation of the 15th Amendment.
Hall v. Decuir (1878)
Civil Rights Cases of 1883
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Giles v. Harris (1903)

Nixon v. Herndon (1927)
Nixon v. Condon (1932)
Grovey v. Townsend (1935)
Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada (1938)
Smith v. Allwright (1944)
Shelley v. Kraemer (1948)
Sweatt v. Painter (1950)
McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950)
Brown v. Board (1954)
Bailey v. Patterson (1962)
Heart of Atlanta Motel (1964)
Katzenbach v. McClung (1964)
QUESTION 23
Even though a vote in a party’s primary elections is not a vote for state or federal office,
the Court says that a state law that forbids people to vote in the primary elections of a party
because of their race is state action in violation of the 15th Amendment.
Hall v. Decuir (1878)
Civil Rights Cases of 1883
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Giles v. Harris (1903)
Nixon v. Herndon (1927)
Nixon v. Condon (1932)
Grovey v. Townsend (1935)
Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada (1938)
Smith v. Allwright (1944)
Shelley v. Kraemer (1948)
Sweatt v. Painter (1950)
McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950)
Brown v. Board (1954)
Bailey v. Patterson (1962)
Heart of Atlanta Motel (1964)
Katzenbach v. McClung (1964)

QUESTION 24
The Court says it doesn’t matter if blacks feel that their state government is following a
doctrine that says they are inferior, as long as the state law doesn’t actually say so.
Hall v. Decuir (1878)
Civil Rights Cases of 1883
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Giles v. Harris (1903)
Nixon v. Herndon (1927)
Nixon v. Condon (1932)
Grovey v. Townsend (1935)
Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada (1938)
Smith v. Allwright (1944)
Shelley v. Kraemer (1948)
Sweatt v. Painter (1950)
McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950)
Brown v. Board (1954)
Bailey v. Patterson (1962)
Heart of Atlanta Motel (1964)
Katzenbach v. McClung (1964)
QUESTION 25
The Court says that states cannot require racial segregation in transportation, whether it
be interstate transportation or in-state transportation.
Hall v. Decuir (1878)
Civil Rights Cases of 1883
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Giles v. Harris (1903)
Nixon v. Herndon (1927)
Nixon v. Condon (1932)
Grovey v. Townsend (1935)
Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada (1938)
Smith v. Allwright (1944)
Shelley v. Kraemer (1948)

Sweatt v. Painter (1950)
McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950)
Brown v. Board (1954)
Bailey v. Patterson (1962)
Heart of Atlanta Motel (1964)
Katzenbach v. McClung (1964)
QUESTION 26
A racist requirement in a property title is not state action, so it doesn’t violate the 14th
Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause. But the Court says that if any court enforces that racist
requirement, that is state action in violation of the 14th, because a court is a state actor.
Hall v. Decuir (1878)
Civil Rights Cases of 1883
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Giles v. Harris (1903)
Nixon v. Herndon (1927)
Nixon v. Condon (1932)
Grovey v. Townsend (1935)
Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada (1938)
Smith v. Allwright (1944)
Shelley v. Kraemer (1948)
Sweatt v. Painter (1950)
McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950)
Brown v. Board (1954)
Bailey v. Patterson (1962)
Heart of Atlanta Motel (1964)
Katzenbach v. McClung (1964)
QUESTION 27
According to Rosenberg, the Brown v. Board case was an important driver of the
desegregation of schools in the South.
True
False
QUESTION 28

According to Rosenberg, the leaders of the civil rights groups generally felt that trying to
fight in the courts was antidemocratic and didn’t work anyway.
True
False
QUESTION 29
The most important of the civil rights protests in terms of getting others motivated to take
up antiracist action was the…………………. ……………………….
…………………….. .
The movement to desegregate restaurants by physical occupation was called
the…………………. -………………………… movement. The movement to desegregate public
transportation throughout the South was called the ………………………….
………………….. The movement to register voters in Mississippi was
called…………………………
………………….
QUESTION 30
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 got the power to regulate private businesses from
Amendment………………………. , which is why it covered businesses on state property, and
from the ……………………
………………………
……………… of the Constitution,
which is why it covered businesses that had something to do with blank2 blank3.
QUESTION 31
In 1963-1964, about 9 years after the………………….. v…………………….. case,
………………….. percent of black children were going to desegregated schools in the South.
QUESTION 32
Of Piketty’s four main categories of "capital", the one that declined the most between
1770 and 1930 was(choose)
Other domestic capital
Housing
Slaves
Agricultural land
QUESTION 33
The category that had the second-biggest decline from 1770 to 1930 was(choose)
Other domestic capital
Housing
Slaves
Agricultural land
QUESTION 34
The category of capital that grew the most from 1770 to 1930 was(choose)
Other domestic capital

Housing
Slaves
Agricultural land
QUESTION 35
By 1930 category of capital (last question) was……………. times what it had been in
1810. (Note: that’s 1810, not 1770).
QUESTION 36

In 1810, the wealthiest 10% of Americans owned a bit less than………. percent of US
wealth. Their share of US wealth holdings……………….. (shrank or grew) from 1810 to 1910.
By 1910, the wealthiest 10% of Americans owned a bit more than ………… percent of US
wealth. Their share of US wealth holdings………………… (shrank or grew) from 1910 to 1970.
By 1970, the wealthiest 10% of Americans owned about ……….. percent of US wealth. Their
share of US wealth holdings …………. (shrank or grew) from 1970 to 2010. By 2010, the
wealthiest 10% of Americans owned a bit more than……………. percent of US wealth.
QUESTION 37

Piketty’s data shows that European wealth inequality trends from 1810 to 1910, from
1910 to 1970, and from 1970 to 2010 were pretty much the same as US wealth inequality
trends, except that(choose)
Europe started out more equal than the US, but then its inequality grew faster than that of the
US after 1910, with European inequality passing above that of the US in about 1960, so that by
1970 Europe was more unequal than the US and has stayed more unequal than the US ever
since 1970.
Europe started out more unequal than the US, but then its inequality declined faster than that of
the US after 1910, with European inequality passing below that of the US in about 1960, so that
by 1970 Europe was more equal than the US and has stayed more equal than the US ever
since 1970, as both societies have become more unequal since 1970.
Europe started out more equal than the US, and then its inequality declined faster than that of
the US after 1910, so that by 1970 Europe was much more equal than the US and has stayed
more equal than the US ever since 1970.
Europe started out more unequal than the US, but then its inequality declined faster than that of
the US after 1910, passing below that of the US in about 1960, so that by 1970 Europe was
more equal than the US and has stayed more equal than the US ever since 1970, as both
societies have become more equal since 1970.
QUESTION 38
In 1910, of a high-income person’s top dollar of income, the US goverment was taking
about …………… cents in federal income tax. During………… (event), the top tax
rate…………… (fell or rose) so that the federal government was taking a bit more
than………….. cents of that dollar by 1920. The tax rate…………… (fell or rose) after blank2
to ………….. cents on the dollar by 1925, but then, during …………………….. (event),

it……………… (fell or rose) to its mid-1930s level of a bit more than………. cents, and
then……………….. (fell or rose) to its late-1930s level of almost……………… cents. During
(event) it (fell or rose) so that its highest point during that event (in 1944-1945) it was about
…………….cents on the dollar. In most of the 1950s and the first half of the 1960s it was a bit
more than………. cents on the dollar. In the mid-1960s it……………….. (fell or rose) from
where it had been in the early 1960s. Its level during the mid-1960s and almost all of the 1970s
was about…………….. cents. It ………… (fell or rose) to cents in the mid-1980s, then
………………. (fell or rose) to below …………. cents in the late 1980s. It then …………… (fell
or rose) to about …………….. cents in the mid-1990s, (fell or rose) in the mid-2000s to about
…………………..cents, and then…………… (fell or rose) in 2013 to about…………………..
cents.
QUESTION 39
The top US inheritance tax rate was ……….. prior to World War I. During World War I it
was raised to…………… percent. It was raised again in the mid-1920s to a high point (for the
1920s) of percent in 1925, before being lowered again to……………….. percent in the late
1020s. During the Great Depression it was raised to ……………… percent, and then raised
again during World War II to a bit more than ……………… percent, where it stayed until 1976.
They started lowering it in the late 1970s, held it at …………………percent from the mid-1980s
to the early 2000s, and then started lowering it until it hit …………………..percent in the early
2010s.
QUESTION 40

What we see is that as long as capitalism was in a relatively ………………. (distorted or pure)
form, with private property rights …………….. (violated or respected), inequality grew. This was
especially growth in Piketty’s category of ……………….., which includes factories, railroads, and
financial capital. When capitalism was…………….. (distorted or pure), with private property
rights………………… (violated or respected), inequality shrank. The big starting point for the
reduction of inequality seems to have been………… .
QUESTION 41
According to Sharon Smith, when……………………… was elected in………. (year), all
he promised was a vague "" for the American people, but his……………………… (law)
of…………….. (year) established …………………..minimum ,…………………. maximum and
pro- rules, thus encouraging the further growth of blank8, which were already increasing their
activity. At first supported his policies due to the severity of the crisis, but by (year), with
blank8 actions rising further, blank9 was turning against blank1, thus forcing him to turn to the
(for your reference, this is blank11) unions for support. Created by mineworkers union boss
John L. Lewis, the blank11 unions had transformed the American labor union movement by
recruiting workers, who had moved from the to the and from the to the ; the latter change
meant they could not be ignored by the blank8s anymore. (See also handout 92 if you need to.)
It was blank1’s attempt to buy the support of the blank11 unions in that year (after the blank9
turned against him) that led him and his party to create the , which said the owners of the
means of production could not refuse to negotiate with unions. They also created the real birth
of the US , especially in the form of the , which created retirement and unemployment funds for
workers. They also put people to work directly for the federal government with the . And it
worked. With massive support from the blank11 unions, the (year) elections elected a higher

percentage of blank1’s party to Congress than at any other time in the whole 20th century (See
also handout 88 if you need to.)
QUESTION 42
If private property rights are , workers can compete with each other by trying to make
themselves more attractive to……………….. the owners of the means of production than other
workers. They can do this by offering to…………….. , with…………….. , for……………………
and…………….. . I call this playing the game of………………. . If all workers did this, I argue, it
would maximize the ratio of …………….. to……………… in everyone’s workday, and thus the
surplus value they create for the owners of the means of production.
QUESTION 43
Continuing from previous question…. But Marx pointed out that even a s…

Explanation & Answer

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